Abstract
Background
Across Sub-Saharan Africa, implementation of mass dog vaccination programmes is frequently constrained by inconsistent vaccine procurement, financing limitations, cold-chain requirements, and weaknesses in distribution systems, rather than complete vaccine unavailability. Achieving and sustaining at least 70% vaccination coverage in dog populations is widely recognized as essential for interrupting transmission; however, there is limited operational evidence from municipal campaigns conducted in rapidly urbanizing, resource-constrained settings. We evaluated the implementation and outcomes of a One Health-coordinated free mass dog rabies vaccination campaign conducted in September 2024 in Techiman South Metropolitan, Ghana.
Methodology
A mixed-methods post-campaign assessment was undertaken two weeks after campaign completion. Quantitative data were collected from 200 dog-owning households using structured questionnaires, and administrative vaccination records were reviewed to estimate overall coverage. In addition, key informant interviews were conducted with veterinary officers, public health professionals, environmental health personnel, and community leaders involved in campaign delivery. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize household participation and awareness indicators, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically.
Principal findings
Among surveyed households, 59.5% owned more than one dog and 51.5% reported vaccinating at least one dog during the campaign. Awareness that rabies is fatal increased from 45% (self-reported pre-campaign recall) to 75% after the campaign period, while awareness that rabies is preventable increased from 40% to 70%. Administrative records indicated that approximately 5,600 dogs were vaccinated, corresponding to an estimated 70% metropolitan-level coverage based on projected dog population figures. Participants identified strong multisectoral collaboration and World Rabies Day mobilization as key facilitators. Implementation barriers included vaccine supply delays, limited cold-chain capacity, inadequate access for peri-urban communities, and the absence of strategies to vaccinate free-roaming dogs.
Conclusions/Significance
The evaluation demonstrated that the Techiman mass dog vaccination campaign achieved administrative vaccination coverage exceeding the internationally recommended threshold while identifying implementation barriers that may influence effective population immunity. The findings highlight the importance of improving vaccine logistics, expanding access to peri-urban communities, strengthening monitoring systems, and incorporating strategies for vaccinating free-roaming dogs during future campaigns.