The global population stru cture of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus and its application to an investigation of a rare case of infective endocarditis

Background Lacticaseibacillus (formerly Lactobacillus) rhamnosus is widely used in probiotics or food supplements to promote microbiome health and may also be part of the normal microbiota of the human gastrointestinal tract. However, it rarely also causes invasive or severe infections in patients. It has been postulated that these infections may originate from probiotics or from endogenous commensal reservoirs. In this report, we examine the population structure of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus and investigate the utility of using bacterial genomics to identify the source of invasive Lacticaseibacillus infections. Methods Core genome phylogenetic analysis was performed on 602 L. rhamnosus genome sequences from the National Center for Biotechnology public database. This information was then used along with newly generated sequences of L. rhamnosus isolates from yogurt to investigate a fatal case of L. rhamnosus endocarditis. Results Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated substantial genetic overlap of L. rhamnosus isolates cultured from food, probiotics, infected patients, and colonized individuals. This was applied to a patient who had both consumed yogurt and developed L. rhamnosus endocarditis to attempt to identify the source of his infection. The sequence of the isolate from the patient’s bloodstream differed at only one nucleotide position from one of the yogurt isolates. Both isolates belonged to a clade, identified here as clade YC, composed of mostly gastrointestinal isolates from healthy individuals, some of which also differed by only a single nucleotide change from the patient’s isolate. Conclusions As illustrated by this case, whole genome sequencing may be insufficient to reliably determine the source of invasive infections caused by L. rhamnosus.