Enhanced cervical cancer and HIV interventions reduce the disproportionate burden of cervical cancer cases among women living with HIV: A modeling analysis

Introduction Women living with HIV experience heightened risk of cervical cancer, and over 50% of cases in Southern Africa are attributed to HIV co-infection. Cervical cancer interventions tailored by HIV status delivered with HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) for treatment can decrease cancer incidence, but impact on HIV-related disparities remains understudied. Methods Using a dynamic model calibrated to KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, we projected HIV prevalence, cervical cancer incidence, and proportion of cancer cases among women living with HIV between 2021–2071. Relative to the status quo of moderate intervention coverage, we modeled three additive scenarios: 1) ART scale-up only; 2) expanded human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination, screening, and treatment; and 3) catch-up HPV vaccination and enhanced screening for women living with HIV. Results Under the status quo, HIV prevalence among women aged 15+ decreased from a median of 35% [Uncertainty Range (UR): 26–42%] in 2021 to 25% [19–34%] in 2071. The proportion of cervical cancer cases that were women living with HIV declined from 73% [63–86%] to 58% [47–74%], but incidence remained 4.3-fold [3.3–5.7] that of women without HIV. ART scale-up reduced HIV prevalence in 2071, but increased the incidence rate ratio to 5.2 [3.7–7.3]. Disparities remained after expanding cancer interventions for all women (incidence rate ratio: 4.8 [3.6–7.6]), while additional catch-up HPV vaccination and screening for women living with HIV decreased the incidence rate ratio to 2.7 [1.9–3.4] in 2071. Conclusions Tailored cervical cancer interventions for women living with HIV can counteract rising cancer incidence incurred by extended life expectancy on ART and reduce disparate cancer burden.