Abstract
Abstract
Cement-based composites incorporating carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) have attracted increasing attention as multifunctional construction materials owing to their potential to integrate mechanical performance, durability performance, electrical performance, and piezoresistive response. This review summarizes recent advances in cement-based composites incorporating graphene-based materials, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanofibers (CNFs), and nanocarbon black (NCB). The intrinsic characteristics of different CNMs are compared, followed by a discussion of dispersion approaches, interfacial regulation strategies, and composite fabrication routes. Particular emphasis is placed on conductive network formation, percolation behavior, and conduction mechanisms, which govern electrical performance and piezoresistive response. The effects of CNMs on mechanical performance, durability performance, electrical performance, and piezoresistive response are then reviewed. Multifunctional applications, including structural health monitoring (SHM), electrothermal de-icing and snow melting, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, are discussed alongside emerging functions involving electrostatic protection, self-cleaning and anti-fouling, electrochemical maintenance, energy storage, and energy harvesting. Finally, challenges related to dispersion scalability, cost, environmental impact, long-term service reliability, and field validation are identified. This review integrates fundamental principles with multifunctional applications and may serve as a useful reference for future research and engineering development of CNM-incorporated cement-based composites.