From mummies to internal mammaries: A historical perspective on the development of cardiovascular bypass surgery

Abstract Objectives To explore the historical development of contemporary surgical revascularization techniques. Methods This narrative review synthesizes historical medical literature, surgical case reports, and key milestones in (cardiovascular) operative innovation. Developments are traced from early experimental surgery to the establishment of reproducible cardiovascular bypass and off-pump techniques, with emphasis on evolving surgical concepts and operative strategies. Results Progressive advances in vascular suturing, grafting techniques, and perioperative care enabled the transition from arterial ligation to reconstructive bypass surgery. Early success in peripheral revascularization demonstrated the feasibility of circumventing arterial occlusions, while innovations in coronary visualization and myocardial protection facilitated direct coronary intervention. These developments culminated in the establishment of coronary artery bypass grafting, with the internal mammary artery emerging as the cornerstone conduit for durable surgical revascularization. Conclusions of the history of bypassing atherosclerotic lesions has evolved through years of technological innovation and surgical experimentation. This historical investigation outlines the progression from early concepts to the standardization of contemporary surgical revascularization.