Abstract
It is shown that observability and controllability are two key principles of power system construction, determining how easily the system state can be understood (observability) and how easily its behavior can be influenced (controllability), while grid monitoring and control form the basis for power grid optimization. It is established that monitoring and control of the electrical grid are fundamental to optimizing its structure and operating modes; currently, a paradigm for the evolution of monitoring systems has emerged: SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) → WAMS (Wide-Area Measurement Systems) / PMU (Phasor Measurement Unit) → WAMPAC (Wide Area Monitoring, Protec-tion, and Control) / WMU (Waveform Measurement Unit) → Smart-monitoring, which must be considered during the modernization of Ukraine's power grids. It is confirmed that comprehensive monitoring and control ultimately ensure effective power grid automation, the main directions of which include the comprehensive implementation of the Smart Grid concept, reliability enhancement, remote control and monitoring, integration of renewable energy sources, optimi-zation of energy transmission and distribution, safety improvement, and the construction of digital substations. As a promising approach, the features of power grid orchestration are considered — a process of automation and central-ized management of complex network infrastructures and services to ensure their efficient operation, scaling, and secu-rity. The deployment of a power grid orchestration platform is currently a decisive, proactive step that grid companies must take to optimize energy processes. It is determined that a systems approach at the higher level of power grid moni-toring and control should ensure the protection of system integrity, particularly through System Integrity Protection Schemes (SIPS). The successful implementation of monitoring and emergency management procedures in the United Energy System of Ukraine is confirmed by the example of identifying and eliminating power outages (blackouts) in the United Energy System of Ukraine, when the WAMS system and PMU devices played a critical role in preventing the complete collapse of the Ukrainian power system during the incident on January 31, 2026. Ref. 22, fig. 2, tables 2.