Abstract
Faith-based organizations (FBOs) play a vital role in global health systems, especially in underserved regions where public resources are limited. Grounded in religious traditions and motivated by compassion, they contribute not only to healthcare delivery but also to broader community well-being through trust, spiritual support, and holistic models of care. Evidence shows that FBOs operate a significant share of health facilities in sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Latin America, although precise measurement is complicated by weak reporting systems and inconsistent definitions. Despite these contributions, FBOs face persistent challenges, such as donor dependency, weak internal controls, bureaucratic barriers, gender disparities in leadership, and skepticism regarding their ethical legitimacy. Analysis shows that Christian stewardship and financial ethics intersect in shaping accountability for faith-based health systems. Two central dilemmas emerge: equity of access, where the moral imperative to prioritize the poor may conflict with donor demands for efficiency, and normative ethics, where commitments to justice and compassion sometimes diverge from technocratic financial standards. Illustrative examples from Ghana and Kenya demonstrate both tensions and opportunities, suggesting that stewardship and financial ethics are not opposing but complementary. The findings indicate that integrating stewardship with financial ethics enhances accountability and sustains mission fidelity, particularly in low-resource settings. A pluralistic model of accountability that integrates theological values with managerial standards is essential for sustaining both legitimacy and mission fidelity.