Abstract
This literature mini-review explores the environmental and health impacts of depleted uranium (DU) ammunition. DU, a byproduct of uranium enrichment, is used in armor-piercing munitions due to its high density and pyrophoric properties. Upon impact, DU munitions release fine particles and fragments that contaminate soil, air, and water. These contaminants persist in the environment and may undergo complex chemical transformations. Human exposure occurs primarily through inhalation, ingestion, and embedded fragments, leading to the accumulation of uranium in organs like the kidneys, bones, and liver. Health concerns include nephrotoxicity, potential carcinogenicity, and neurological and reproductive effects, though evidence from human studies remains mixed. Studies of Gulf War veterans with DU exposure report ongoing excretion of uranium but limited clinically significant health effects. The review also addresses the environmental risks of depleted uranium use of ongoing Russian-Ukrainian war.