Abstract
This paper addresses the pressing issue of water quality assurance under increasing anthropogenic pressure. The efficiency of reverse osmosis (RO) technology for water purification, particularly in the pharmaceutical industry, is analyzed. Data concerning the impact of key operational parameters (pressure, recovery rate) and physico-chemical characteristics of feedwater (pH, hardness, alkalinity) on membrane purification efficiency are systematized. Particular attention is given to the problems of membrane scaling, especially in regions with high concentrations of hardness salts. Methods for assessing water's scaling tendency (LSI, SDI indices), monitoring strategies, and water pre-conditioning, including antiscalant dosing (phosphonates, polyacrylic acid) and pH adjustment, are examined. Modern approaches to optimizing RO systems, such as the use of digital twins and hybrid technologies (RO-UV, RO-ED), which contribute to improved purification quality, energy efficiency, and reduced fouling risks, are also highlighted. Recommendations are proposed for optimizing operational parameters, developing water stability assessment methodologies, and implementing monitoring systems to ensure the long-term efficiency of reverse osmosis systems.