Abstract
The present study examines the environmental safety and sustainability benefits that can be achieved through the nationwide replacement of internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) with battery electric vehicles (BEVs). A comprehensive life-cycle assessment (LCA) of BEVs is provided, covering the stages of raw material extraction, manufacturing, use, and end-of-life management. Key advantages of electrically powered vehicles are considered in the context of climate change mitigation, as BEVs emit approximately 50 % fewer greenhouse gases (GHGs) compared to their ICEV counterparts, with further reductions expected as electricity grids undergo decarbonization. Human health benefits include significant improvements in urban air quality due to zero tailpipe emissions and a reduction in noise pollution at low-speed operating conditions. The paper also assesses ecosystem impacts, noting that the shift in pollutant emissions during the BEV use phase — from tailpipes to power plants — generally results in net environmental gains. However, coal-dependent electricity generation may increase environmental toxicity and freshwater eutrophication. Circular economy strategies — such as battery reuse, material recycling, and sustainability-oriented product design — have the potential to significantly mitigate BEVs’ environmental footprint. Integrating renewable energy sources for charging infrastructure, in conjunction with circular approaches, maximizes the potential for enhancing environmental safety through BEV adoption. Consequently, replacing ICEVs with BEVs can substantially reduce national environmental risks associated with the transport sector, provided that supportive policy frameworks ensure access to clean electricity and robust recycling infrastructure.