Abstract
The transition toward decentralized, data-intensive power systems is renewing interest in blockchain and distributed ledger technologies (DLT) capable of supporting trustworthy, high-frequency energy and financial transactions. Building on a prior overview of three representative proof-of-stake (PoS) platforms (Ethereum, Cardano, Solana) for energy data management, this paper extends the analysis to capture developments that have emerged over the past year (2025). Two additional ledgers based on directed acyclic graphs (DAGs), Hedera Hashgraph and Internet of Thing Application (IOTA) Tangle, are assessed using the same key parameters and application criteria as the original three platforms. Consensus mechanisms designed for post-quantum security and privacy mechanisms based on zero-knowledge proofs are also reviewed in the context of settlement and metering in smart grids. The analysis further examines the tokenization of renewable energy certificates, guarantees of origin, and decentralized physical infrastructure networks (DePIN) for distributed energy resources. Hedera's asynchronous Byzantine fault-tolerant hashgraph consensus is shown to be particularly well matched to vehicle to grid (V2G) and EV charging settlement, while post-quantum and zero-knowledge techniques address the multi-decade sensitivity now attached to metering and settlement data. An updated comparison and platform recommendation framework is presented, extending the original distribution system operator, prosumer, and transmission system operator use case mapping to these additional platforms, security mechanisms, and application domains.