Abstract
Abstract
A major challenge in cosmology and astrophysics is explaining the origin of elements. This study addresses nucleosynthesis in the early universe using the Geant4 simulation toolkit, particularly the Hadron Physics package, to model nuclear processes underlying Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN). The study examines the nuclear reactions responsible for element formation, focusing on initiation energy, initiation temperature, and Q-values. Emitted particles were treated as sources for further interactions, with alpha particles colliding with Galac-tic material to trigger nucleosynthesis reactions. Newly synthesized nuclei were incorporated into the surrounding medium, where additional alpha particle interactions enabled successive stages of element formation. The investigation detected nucleosynthesis of elements up to Z=238. Results show that initiation energy and temperature increase steadily with atomic number up to Z=108, then transition to exponential growth between Z=108 and Z=238. This trend explains the observed elemental limit at Z=118. The nucleosynthesis initiation energy matches with Fermi AGN sources energy up to 12 GeV. Nuclear synthesis reactions display negative Q-values, and Such reactions generate the energy-absorbing characteristics of black holes, suggesting a potential mechanism for element generation in these environments. The study further proposes that rel-ativistic jets from quasars and AGN may carry detectable signatures of these newly synthesized elements, offering new insight into cosmic element formation. The study discusses how energy-to-matter conversion contributes to universal expansion, while matter-to-energy conversion underpins compression, linking Q-values to cosmological dynamics. The roles of stars as energy-releasing fusion reactors and generating compression force and black holes as energy-absorbing synthesis reactors and generating expansion force are central in shaping the uni-verse’s thermodynamic and structural evolution. This clearly explained how the Inflationary expansion occurs and then how it was dropped to normal expansion in an extremely short period of time. These insights provide a novel interpretation of the Universe’s evolution through phases of Inflation, Expansion, Steady State, Compression, and eventual Collapse, governed by the thermodynamics of nucleosynthesis and decay.