Abstract
Understanding the transmission ecology of parasites involves the challenge of studying the complexity of life-cycles at multiple levels of biological organisation and at various space-time scales. We think that a single field of science alone cannot fully address this issue and that a way to understand such complexity is to connect various fields of science, to consider the whole transmission system, and to identify which are the variables reasonably accessible to measurement and the relevant scales at which they may provide information about transmission processes and indicate a higher risk of transmission⁄emergence. Based on ongoing studies carried out in Europe and in China, the aim of the present paper is to discuss this approach and to show how results obtained from mass-screening of human populations may be combined to those obtained from small mammal and landscape ecology studies and modelling to promote an understanding of Echinococcus multilocularis transmission and to determine how differences in the time-space scales at which human infection and small mammal population dynamic processes occur may complicate the analysis.