Abstract
This study explores the synergistic effects of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) doped with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and nanostructured cobalt oxide (Co₃O₄) on enhancing the mechanical and structural properties. The exceptional tensile strength, high surface area, and flexibility of RGO, combined with cobalt oxide's thermal stability, chemical resistance, and catalytic properties, create a robust composite structure within the cement matrix. Through a comprehensive experimental approach, including advanced material characterizations, mechanical and electrochemical analysis, the results demonstrate significant improvements in the mechanical compressive strength and enhanced resistance to freeze-thaw cycles and chemical attack. Adding 1 wt% RGO.Ag/Co₃O₄ increased compressive strength by about 300%. The resulting composite exhibits self-sensing capabilities for real-time structural health monitoring, offering a transformative approach to sustainable infrastructure development. These findings pave the way for next-generation cementation materials with superior mechanical performance, reduced maintenance needs, and lower carbon footprints, addressing critical challenges in modern construction, environmental sustainability, and different applications.