Abstract
AbstractMosque architecture embodies a rich array of distinctive features that convey spiritual and cultural symbolism. Mosques must also fulfil practical and functional requirements. The architectural elements employed to balance these roles, such as form, spatial organization, and ornamentation, have undergone continuous evolution, shaped by cultural, environmental, and historical contexts. This evolution is linked to local circumstances and preferences; hence, it is locally subjective. Yet few studies focus on such local influences. Accordingly, this study explores the architectural evolution of mosques in Assiut, a city in Upper Egypt characterised by a dense concentration of historical and contemporary mosques. The research aims to identify changing and enduring architectural characteristics across different periods within this region. First, a comprehensive list of characteristics is compiled to assess mosque evolution based on existing literature, which can also serve as a framework for other mosque-related studies. Subsequently, a comparative analysis is conducted on several mosques from different historical periods within the study area, informed by the inferred Mosque characteristics and aided by field observations. The findings reveal a clear pattern of architectural evolution in certain characteristics, mainly perceptual and functional. Meanwhile, other features, such as design elements, have shown continuity over time.