Abstract
Hydroponic greenhouse management under extreme climatic conditions requires reliable and low-cost automated control solutions. In this paper, a fuzzy logic-control IoT-based system for the automatic control of a hydroponic greenhouse is presented. The system was tested continuously for three months in Mosul, Iraq, where the external temperature reached over 45°C. The system runs on an Arduino Mega 2560 implementing a Mamdani fuzzy inference engine for real-time temperature and humidity control. This is managed by an ESP32 microcontroller that handles the IoT communications, cloud synchronization and regulation of pH and EC with nutrient management. Threshold-based logic is used to control ventilation, lighting, and dosing pumps. Consistency of actuator reaction was monitored for all logged control events, and real-time user notifications were provided through Blynk IoT platform. An offline analysis of this same dataset identified mismatches between predicted and observed system response that allowed for the identification of actuator response anomalies across the timeline of the experiment. This translated into a 29% increase in temperature stability for the system. Humidity readings were held in the targeted optimal 60–80% RH range for 79% of logged measurements. Unlike most existing systems validated through simulation or under moderate climates, this platform combines climate control, nutrient management, IoT supervision, and fault detection within a single low-cost embedded architecture validated under real extreme field conditions.