Abstract
This review aims to provide a critical assessment of the antimicrobial properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) regarding their synthesis methods, physicochemical properties, mechanisms of action, and clinical applications. ZnONPs and AgNPs exhibit strong antimicrobial activity against various mechanisms, particularly multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. AgNPs are effective at penetrating, inhibiting enzymes, and damaging DNA, making them very useful against Gram-negative bacteria and fungi such as Candida albicans. Conversely, ZnONPs generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) under light, which also contributes to their antimicrobial activity and reduces cytotoxicity. Interestingly, new complexes formed between ZnONPs and AgNPs lower minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), enhance biofilm removal, and improve biocompatibility. In other fields of medicine, these nanoparticles hold promising potential, including applications in nanoscale antibiotics, wound disinfection, and antimicrobial coatings for medical devices. The findings also suggest that nanomaterials could serve as sustainable and effective alternatives to current antimicrobials and play a significant role in future management of chronic and resistant infections.