Molybdate delays sulphide formation in the sediment and transfer to the bulk liquid in a model shrimp pond

Shrimp are commonly cultured in earthen aquaculture ponds where organic-rich uneaten feed and faeces accumulate on and in the sediment to form anaerobic zones. Since the pond water is rich in sulphate, these anaerobic conditions eventually lead to the production of sulphide. Sulphides are toxic and even lethal to the shrimp that live on the pond sediment, but physicochemical and microbial reactions that occur during the accumulation of organic waste and the subsequent formation of sulphide in shrimp pond sediments remain unclear. Molybdate treatment is a promising strategy to inhibit sulphate reduction, thus, preventing sulphide accumulation. We used an experimental shrimp pond model to simulate the organic waste accumulation and sulphide formation during the final 61 days of a full shrimp growth cycle. Sodium molybdate (5 and 25 mg/L Na 2 MoO 4 .2H 2 O) was applied as a preventive strategy to control sulphide production before oxygen depletion. Molybdate addition partially mitigated H 2 S production in the sediment, and delayed its transfer to the bulk liquid by pushing the higher sulphide concentration zone towards deeper sediment layers. Molybdate treatment at 25 mg/L significantly impacted the overall microbial community composition and treated samples (5 and 25 mg/L molybdate) had about 50% higher relative abundance of sulphate reducing bacteria than the control (no molybdate) treatment. In conclusion, molybdate has the potential to work as mitigation strategy against sulphide accumulation in the sediment during shrimp growth by directly steering the microbial community in a shrimp pond system.