Abstract
This study explores the integration of Leap Motion, Firefly, and Grasshopper to enable fingertip-based interactive 3D modeling in architectural design. A parametric modeling workflow was developed where fingertip movements captured by Leap Motion were translated into geometric parameters via Firefly, generating curves and pipe geometries almost simultaneously in the Rhinoceros environment. Experimental evaluation involved performing modeling tasks, including geometry creation and parametric form manipulation, while measuring task completion time, system response delay, and gesture recognition stability. Results show that curve and pipe geometry creation occurred with minimal delay, averaging 0.72 s and 0.93 s, respectively, indicating real-time responsiveness suitable for early-stage parametric modeling. Parametric form updates required slightly longer response times average 1.08 s due to continuous computation. Gesture recognition was generally stable, with minor jitter observed during rapid hand movements. Qualitative evaluation indicates that the fingertip-based interface is responsive and supports exploratory design interaction. Overall, the findings demonstrate the potential of gesture-based interaction for real-time parametric modeling, providing a natural and immersive design experience. The study highlights opportunities for combining such interfaces with augmented and virtual reality to further enhance interactive architectural design workflows.