Abstract
This article presents the results of an original study conducted on a cohort of pediatric patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), in whom radiological biomarkers of the disease were assessed. In addition to conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences, brain structure volumetry was performed using advanced MRI techniques. Brain MRI remains the primary imaging modality for MS. The examination includes standard MRI sequences—T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and post-contrast T1-weighted images—which are essential for diagnostic confirmation of MS in accordance with the 2017 revision of the McDonald criteria. Furthermore, MRI is the leading method for identifying MS exacerbations through post-contrast T1-weighted imaging, allowing clinicians to monitor disease progression.
With the advancement of imaging technologies, more comprehensive diagnostic opportunities have emerged, particularly in the context of MS, through the use of advanced modalities such as volumetric analysis of brain structures. The present study demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in thalamic volumes and increased hippocampal volumes in children with MS compared to the control group. Currently, there is no consensus regarding the routine application of advanced MRI methods for MS diagnosis and monitoring, particularly in pediatric populations. However, we believe that such techniques have the potential not only to improve and expedite MS diagnostics but also to contribute to the prediction of disease trajectory.
Early and timely radiological assessment may enhance MS management and significantly improve the quality of life for both pediatric and adult patients.