Abstract
The rhizosphere is a biologically active region where plant roots interact with diverse microorganisms that influence plant growth, soil fertility, and ecosystem functioning. In medicinal plants, these interactions are particularly important because root-associated microorganisms not only improve nutrient acquisition and stress tolerance but also affect the synthesis of pharmacologically important secondary metabolites. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the rhizosphere microbiome associated with selected medicinal plants, including Azadirachta indica (Neem), Phyllanthus emblica (Amla), Aloe barbadensis (Aloe vera), Ocimum tenuiflorum (Tulsi), and Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha). It discusses the ecological significance of the rhizosphere, the diversity and functional roles of beneficial microorganisms, and the influence of root exudates on microbial recruitment and community structure. Recent advances in molecular tools, particularly metagenomics and other multi-omics approaches, have considerably improved our understanding of plant microbe interactions and their contribution to phytochemical production. The review also highlights the applications of rhizosphere microorganisms in sustainable agriculture through biofertilizers, biological disease management, and enhanced stress tolerance. Despite significant progress, challenges related to environmental variability, host specificity, and the lack of standardized methodologies continue to limit field applications. Future research integrating microbiome engineering, synthetic microbial communities, and artificial intelligence is expected to improve medicinal plant cultivation, enhance phytochemical yield, and support environmentally sustainable agricultural systems.