Abstract
Individual differences associated with aversive behavior have been linked primarily to antagonistic personality traits. Less is known about whether characteristics typically regarded as adaptive also contribute. Courage is traditionally viewed as a virtue, yet theoretical accounts suggest it may also facilitate socially aversive behaviors. This study tested whether two operationalizations—psychological courage (PC) and courage as a character strength (VIA-C)—predict aversive intentions and behaviors beyond Dark Triad traits (Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy). A community sample of 711 Polish adults completed measures of PC, VIA-C, the Short Dark Triad, and aversive intentions and behaviors. Variable-centered analyses (hierarchical regressions, two-part models) controlling for age, gender, and Dark Triad traits revealed domain-specific effects: both courage measures predicted higher aggressive intentions and greater frequency of aggressive behaviors; VIA-C additionally predicted aggressive and sex-/drug-related behaviors. Neither courage measure related to theft, reckless driving, or self-destructive behaviors, and PC showed a small protective association with self-destructive intentions. Latent profile analysis identified four classes defined primarily by Dark Triad levels rather than courage; no high-courage/low-antagonism profile emerged. Overall, findings challenge unqualified valorization of courage and underscore the need to pair courage-building with ethical frameworks, empathy training, and prosocial goal setting to reduce iatrogenic risk.