Abstract
As AI chatbots are becoming increasingly relevant in our daily life, understanding what shapespeople’s attitudes toward them is becoming more important. This systematic literature reviewbrings together the findings of 34 articles (from across multiple countries) to examine howpersonality traits and one’s cultural background predict attitudes towards AI chatbots. Thereview suggests that culture works as a primary filter that sets a person’s starting position whenthey encounter AI. Western users tend to approach chatbots with more skepticism and strongerprivacy concerns, while on the other hand East Asian users show higher comfort with social AIinteraction. Within each of these cultural settings, individual personality traits fine-tune theseresponses, but which trait matters most changes depending on the culture. Agreeablenessdrives trust in Western samples, while Conscientiousness drives trust in Arab ones. Technologyspecific variables like Personal Innovativeness in Information Technology (PIIT) and AIconfiguration anxiety turned out to be stronger predictors than broad personality traits overall.The review also identifies a persistent global gender gap in AI adaptation that operatesdifferently depending on cultural setting. Limitations include the overrepresentation of younguniversity educated participants in existing research, the Western bias present in both studysamples and AI training data, and the ongoing confusion between physical robot findings andtext-based chatbot research. The paper concludes that effective chatbot design and AI policyrequire culturally adapted approaches rather than one-size-fits-all solutions.