Abstract
Conceptual development is a fundamental feature of contemplative practice but has received little attention in contemplative science. In Buddhism, for example, the eightfold path begins with right view, which includes comprehension of interdependence, suffering, and so on. In Tibetan traditions, foundational practices introduce conceptual frames, including aphorisms and visualizations, that help access capacities for compassion and wisdom. In this article, we take a lifespan approach to examine how conceptual development supports compassion training. We focus on relational practices adapted from Tibetan Buddhism, which involve calling to mind sources of love, comfort, and safety to establish a secure base and an internal holding environment–an embodied stance of stillness, curiosity, and care for all physical and mental patterns. The theory of situated conceptualization (TSC) provides a nuanced cognitive neuroscience framework for understanding how situated and embodied experiences develop into conceptual knowledge across the lifespan, and it holds significant implications for how these practices can mature within a person over time.According to TSC, when meditations of compassion are engaged, the physical and affective qualities that occur within practice, such as warmth, care, and ease, can become part of the background conceptual knowledge for any mental pattern that arises within meditation. Over time, these qualities may increasingly emerge within the foreground of a given conceptualization. As patterns of mind are experienced and understood for what they are within an internal holding environment, the ruminative processes that fuel conceptualization can relax, and the constructed, empty nature of concepts and emotional states can more readily reveal itself–a process that supports advanced wisdom practices. Finally, because conceptualizations are situated in social and cultural contexts, the internal holding environment for patterns of mind can extend to all webs of connection that influence those patterns, becoming increasingly a capacity of compassion for the world at large.