Abstract
The relevance of this research was determined by the growing influence of globalisation processes that increasingly affect all spheres of social life. The modern world is characterised by intensive migration flows and the expansion of international cooperation in education, economics, politics, and culture, which necessitate effective interaction among representatives of different cultures and value systems. In this context, the ability to establish constructive communication, to understand cultural codes, and to avoid intercultural barriers had become an essential component of the professional competence of contemporary specialists. The purpose of this article was to provide a detailed terminological distinction between the concepts intercultural, polycultural, multicultural, and cross-cultural in the context of forming cross-cultural competence, and to reveal the interrelations and specific features in scholarly discourse. The study employed methods of theoretical analysis of academic literature, comparative analysis of key terms, generalisation, systematisation, and interpretation of research findings. The results demonstrated that, despite certain semantic similarities, each term carried its own conceptual meaning and highlighted different aspects of cultural interaction. Specifically, multicultural communication emphasised the coexistence and diversity of cultures within a single society; intercultural communication focused on dialogue, mutual understanding, and tolerance between representatives of different cultural groups; cross-cultural communication concerned the active interaction between individuals from significantly different cultural systems, addressing differences and overcoming barriers; whereas polycultural communication reflected the idea of harmonious cultural interpenetration while preserving each culture’s unique identity. The findings of the research can be applied to design effective educational programmes and training courses aimed at developing cross-cultural competence among future professionals in the field of international relations