Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by the malignant proliferation of clonal plasma cells, resulting in a range of functional and symptomatic abnormalities, including bone pain, renal insufficiency, increased susceptibility to infections, anemia, hypercalcemia, and, in some cases, coagulation disorders and neurological manifestations. This study aimed to identify the factors influencing treatment outcomes in MM patients. Conducted as a cross-sectional analysis at Shariati Hospital, the study systematically reviewed medical records of patients diagnosed with MM between 2013 and 2018. Data collected encompassed demographics, medical histories, presenting symptoms, clinical findings, disease staging (ISS), laboratory results, electrophoresis, imaging studies, bone marrow aspirations, cytogenetic abnormalities, treatment regimens, and patient outcomes. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and STATA. Survival outcomes varied significantly across demographic and clinical factors. Patients aged 50–69 years exhibited a mean survival of 46.47 months with a 69.11% survival probability, while those over 70 and between 30–49 years had a mean survival of 30.49 months. Female patients demonstrated better survival outcomes, with an average survival duration of 89.49 months and a 9.78% higher survival probability compared to males. Reduced survival probabilities were observed in patients with hemoglobin levels 2 g/dL, hypercalcemia, or bone marrow plasma cell percentages >50%. The most prevalent cytogenetic abnormality was double hit (17.2%). Patients initially treated with VTD (bortezomib, thalidomide, dexamethasone) showed superior overall survival (OS) compared to those receiving other regimens. Anemia, renal failure, hypercalcemia, and elevated bone marrow plasma cell percentages were significantly associated with lower survival probabilities. These factors represent key contributors to mortality in MM patients and are influenced by treatment interventions.