Concurrent observation and physical practice facilitates early closed motor skill learning: evidence from EEG source functional connectivity and behavioral performance

Background Motor observation (MO) and concurrent observation and physical practice (MP) are two commonly used approaches during early motor skill acquisition. This study tests an integrated Action Observation Training-Neuroplasticity Theory (AOT-NPT) framework, hypothesizing that: (H1) MP will elicit stronger functional connectivity in frontoparietal networks compared to MO; (H2): transitioning from an easier to a more demanding motor task will be associated with changes in functional connectivity patterns, particularly in the MP condition; (H3): functional connectivity will demonstrate method-dependent relationships with behavioral performance, with MP expected to show stronger positive brain–behavior associations. Methods A two-factor mixed design was employed. The between-subjects factor was learning methods (MO, MP), and the within-subjects factor was task difficulty (Easy, Medium). Mobile EEG recorded neural activity during 24-Style Tai Chi learning (MO vs. MP; easy vs. medium). Source-level connectivity analysis and video-based motor performance scoring were applied. Findings Both EEG and behavioral data provided evidence that MP surpasses MO, as indicated by stronger source functional connectivity, better motor performance, and changes in functional connectivity during the transition from an easier to a more demanding task. Additionally, functional connectivity in MP was significantly positively correlated with motor performance. Contribution The present findings support the neurobehavioral advantage of integrating physical practice into action observation during early closed motor skill learning. This validates the AOT-NPT framework and establishes a concurrent observation and physical practice model for closed motor skill pedagogy.