Abstract
Background
Sport specialization has usually been examined through biomedical outcomes such as overuse injury, burnout, and premature dropout. Less is known about whether specialization is prospectively associated with adolescent identity development by narrowing opportunities for exploration beyond sport. Drawing on identity status theory, self-determination theory, and bioecological systems theory, this study examined whether sport specialization intensity predicts athletic identity exclusivity among youth athletes and whether longitudinal indirect pathways involve controlling coach behaviors and non-sport peer restriction.
Methods
A three-wave longitudinal design was implemented across a six-month period. Participants were 542 adolescent athletes (mean age = 14.63 years, SD = 1.48; 53.5% male) recruited from youth sport academies, specialized sport schools, and elite club programs in Eastern China. Measures of sport specialization intensity, controlling coach behaviors, non-sport peer restriction, and athletic identity exclusivity were administered in September 2025 (T1), December 2025 (T2), and March 2026 (T3). Data were analyzed using a random-intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM), which separates stable between-person differences from within-person change.
Results
At the within-person level, increases in sport specialization intensity predicted subsequent increases in controlling coach behaviors, non-sport peer restriction, and athletic identity exclusivity. Controlling coach behaviors and non-sport peer restriction each predicted later identity exclusivity, and both longitudinal indirect effects were significant. Significant reciprocal paths were also found from controlling coach behaviors to subsequent specialization, suggesting a reinforcing cycle between specialized participation and controlling interpersonal climates. The RI-CLPM showed substantially better fit than the traditional cross-lagged panel model.
Conclusion
Sport specialization intensity was prospectively associated with subsequent athletic identity exclusivity through longitudinal indirect pathways involving controlling coaching and non-sport peer restriction. The findings extend the literature beyond injury and burnout by identifying identity narrowing as a developmentally relevant psychosocial outcome. Youth sport programs should avoid unnecessarily intensive year-round single-sport structures, promote autonomy-supportive coaching, and preserve opportunities for non-sport peer engagement.