Abstract
Objectives
To investigate whether calcined fish bone, bovine bone, and bovine teeth can be converted into bioactive hydroxyapatite powders, and whether these materials can function as slurries and promote the remineralization of enamel. The novelty of this study is the production of hydroxyapatite from biowaste-derived bovine bone and bovine teeth powders, and its use as remineralizing agents for demineralized enamel for the first time.
Methods
Eighty-four human premolar enamel specimens were allocated into seven groups (
n
= 12). The physical and chemical properties were done for calcined biowaste materials. Experimental groups were treated with slurries prepared from FiB, BoB, and BoT, while control groups included TM, demineralized enamel, non-protected enamel, and sound enamel. Remineralization was assessed using SEM, EDX, and AFM.
Results
Characterization confirmed the hydroxyapatite-like structures formation with Ca/P ratios varying from 1.55 to 1.64, mesoporous architecture (10–20 nm), and variable crystallinity. The experimental groups had higher calcium content and Ca/P ratio comparing to the negative control group (
p
p
Conclusion
The calcined biowaste-derived HAp materials showed an improvement in the remineralization of enamel, and the bovine tooth-derived HAp had the best overall performance.