Toward sustainable food consumption: household waste and dietary behaviors in Kenitra, Morocco

Food waste is a pressing global challenge with profound agricultural, environmental, and economic consequences. This study investigates household food waste in Morocco, analyzing the interplay between socio-economic status, dietary habits, and food expenditure patterns across income groups. A cross-sectional survey involving 442 households was conducted to assess waste behaviors across key food categories, including fruits, vegetables, bread, protein sources, and dairy products. Findings indicate no statistically significant correlation between household income levels and food waste across all categories ( p  > 0.05), suggesting that food waste is influenced by factors beyond economic constraints. Similarly, the proportion of income allocated to food was not a strong predictor of waste, underscoring the role of cultural norms, behavioral patterns, and food infrastructure in shaping disposal habits. Bread emerged as the most discarded item, likely due to its perishability and cultural prominence in Moroccan households, whereas protein-rich foods such as meat and fish exhibited lower waste levels due to their perceived value and storage requirements. These results highlight the necessity for multi-faceted interventions, including food waste awareness campaigns, improved storage infrastructure, and policy measures that encourage sustainable consumption and efficient food management. The Moroccan case—particularly the Kenitra region—offers a representative model for middle-income North African countries facing similar socio-economic conditions. The insights derived from this study can inform broader policy strategies across the Mediterranean basin and other MENA countries where food waste reduction and dietary transition are key sustainability challenges.