Kajian Degradasi Lahan dan Pengelolaan Lahan Berkelanjutan

Degradasi lahan merupakan permasalahan lingkungan global yang berdampak pada produktivitas pertanian, ketahanan pangan, dan keseimbangan ekosistem. Secara global, lebih dari 33% lahan dunia telah terdegradasi dengan penurunan produktivitas mencapai 25–40% (FAO, 2021). Di Indonesia, luas lahan terdegradasi mencapai 24,3–48,3 juta hektar, terutama di wilayah upland dan enklave hutan (KLHK, 2023). Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis dinamika degradasi lahan, faktor penyebab, dan efektivitas pengelolaan lahan berkelanjutan (PLB) dalam pemulihan ekosistem. Pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif digunakan melalui kajian literatur dan analisis SWOT terhadap lebih dari 70 sumber ilmiah dan kebijakan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa degradasi lahan dipicu oleh deforestasi, konversi hutan, pertanian intensif, penggunaan pupuk kimia berlebih, dan perubahan iklim yang memicu kekeringan serta banjir. Dampaknya berupa penurunan hasil padi hingga 40%, erosi mencapai 60 ton/ha/tahun, dan hilangnya 70% biodiversitas tanah pada lahan intensif. Strategi PLB efektif melalui konservasi tanah dan air, agroforestri, serta pemberdayaan masyarakat, seperti agroforestri aren dan kopi di Lombok Tengah yang meningkatkan pendapatan petani hingga 35%. Meskipun PLB memiliki potensi besar dalam konservasi dan kolaborasi multipihak, kendala seperti kapasitas lokal dan konflik tata ruang masih terjadi. Diperlukan sinergi kebijakan, restorasi berbasis komunitas, dan diversifikasi ekonomi untuk mendukung pencapaian Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan (SDGs). Land degradation is a global environmental problem impacting agricultural productivity, food security, and ecosystem balance. Globally, more than 33% of the world's land has been degraded, with productivity declines reaching 25–40% (FAO, 2021). In Indonesia, the area of ??degraded land reaches 24.3–48.3 million hectares, primarily in upland areas and forest enclaves (KLHK, 2023). This study aims to analyze the dynamics of land degradation, its causal factors, and the effectiveness of sustainable land management (SLM) in ecosystem restoration. A descriptive qualitative approach was used through a literature review and a SWOT analysis of more than 70 scientific and policy sources. The study results indicate that land degradation is triggered by deforestation, forest conversion, intensive agriculture, excessive use of chemical fertilizers, and climate change that triggers drought and flooding. The impacts include a 40% decrease in rice yields, erosion reaching 60 tons/ha/year, and a 70% loss of soil biodiversity in intensive land. Effective PLB strategies include soil and water conservation, agroforestry, and community empowerment, such as sugar palm and coffee agroforestry in Central Lombok, which has increased farmer incomes by up to 35%. While PLB holds significant potential for conservation and multi-stakeholder collaboration, challenges such as local capacity and spatial planning conflicts persist. Policy synergy, community-based restoration, and economic diversification are needed to support the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).