Abstract
This study examines the socio-legal dimensions of criminal liability arising from document forgery within Indonesia's electronic land registration system, as reshaped by the Omnibus Law on Job Creation (Law No. 11 of 2020, as amended by Law No. 6 of 2023) and Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/National Land Agency Regulation No. 1 of 2021 on Electronic Certificates. The transition from paper-based to electronic land registration was intended to enhance efficiency, transparency, and legal certainty; however, digitalization has simultaneously generated new typologies of forgery, including manipulated scanned files, falsified digital signatures, and duplicated electronic certificates. This research employs a socio-legal method combining normative analysis of statutory provisions with an empirical review of enforcement practice and institutional case handling. The findings indicate that although the Criminal Code and sectoral regulations criminalize forgery of authentic land documents, criminal liability remains fragmented across three tiers-individual perpetrators, notaries/PPAT, and platform or institutional operators-producing overlapping jurisdiction and inconsistent enforcement. Technical vulnerabilities at the verification stage have not yet been matched by corresponding criminal law adaptations. The article recommends harmonizing sectoral and general criminal provisions, strengthening digital forensic capacity within law enforcement, and establishing clearer corporate criminal liability standards for land registration platform operators.