Abstract
This article examines the status and authority of Indonesia’s Constitutional Court in safeguarding constitutional supremacy after the constitutional reforms of 1999–2002. It addresses two questions: how the Court is positioned within Indonesia’s post-reform constitutional architecture and how its enumerated powers operate as instruments of constitutional control. Using normative legal research, the study applies statutory, conceptual, and case-based approaches to the 1945 Constitution, legislation governing the Court, selected judgments, and comparative constitutional scholarship. The analysis finds that the Court is an autonomous constitutional organ exercising judicial power on an equal institutional plane with other principal state organs. Its authority to review statutes, resolve inter-institutional competence disputes, decide party dissolution and electoral-result disputes, and participate in presidential impeachment translates constitutional supremacy into enforceable law. Nevertheless, formal authority alone does not guarantee effective constitutionalism. The Court’s legitimacy also depends on judicial independence, ethical integrity, reasoned consistency, procedural openness, and compliance with judgments by political institutions. Conditional decisions and remedial interpretations can protect constitutional rights and prevent normative vacuums, but they require disciplined justification to avoid displacing democratic lawmaking. Strengthening constitutional supremacy therefore requires a balanced framework that protects decisional independence while reinforcing accountability, judgment implementation, institutional dialogue, and a durable constitutional culture.