Biocatalytic Strategies for Environmental Pollutant Degradation: Advancing Enzymatic and Molecular Innovations

Biocatalytic approaches, leveraging enzymatic and molecular mechanisms, offer sustainable solutions for degrading environmental pollutants. This review explores the role of microbial enzyme transforming persistent contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dyes, and endocrine disruptors into less harmful compounds. The specificity and efficiency of these enzymes make them effective in various environmental matrices. Advancements in enzyme immobilization techniques have enhanced their stability and reusability, addressing challenges related to operational conditions and cost-effectiveness. Furthermore, molecular strategies, including protein engineering and metagenomics, have facilitated the discovery and optimization of novel enzymes with improved degradation capabilities. This review underscores the potential of integrating enzymatic and molecular tools in bioremediation efforts, aiming for efficient and eco-friendly pollutant degradation strategies.