TESS Planets in Known Radial-velocity Cold Jupiter Systems: Hot Super-Earth Occurrence is Enhanced by Cold Jupiters

Abstract The correlation between inner super-Earths (SEs) and outer cold Jupiters (CJs) provides an important constraint on the formation and dynamical evolution of planetary systems. Previous studies have suggested a positive connection between these two populations, particularly around metal-rich stars, and proposed that nearly all CJ-hosting stars may also harbor inner SEs. In this work, we use TESS transits to investigate the occurrence of hot SEs (HSEs; 1–4 R ⊕ , P   6 . 5 − 2.3 + 3.1 relative to field stars, with the case of no enhancement being ruled out at 99.9% confidence level. Taking into account the average multiplicity of HSEs, we find that about 91% of CJ systems host at least one HSE. Our results provide strong supporting evidence for a positive HSE–CJ correlation. We also briefly explore the correlation around metal-poor hosts and for specific subpopulations (e.g., warm SEs or cold super-Jupiters).