Abstract
Abstract
Stellar activity complicates exoplanet transmission spectra, particularly for smaller planets around M dwarfs with JWST. The transit-light-source (TLS) effect, the imprinting of spectral differences between the average stellar disk and the occulted transit chord onto the transmission spectrum, makes it challenging to directly use the out-of-transit spectrum to correct for stellar contamination. Theory and observations suggest that spots may concentrate toward higher latitudes when the Coriolis force is substantial relative to buoyancy, leaving the equatorial region relatively quiet. Here, we evaluate how the latitudinal distribution of active regions shapes the strength of the TLS effect for planets spanning a range of impact parameters (
b
), using TRAPPIST-1 as a testbed. We first construct a fiducial model to illustrate two distribution regimes. With our model, the moderate-
b
outer TRAPPIST-1 planets (f, g, h) occult a more typical region of the stellar disk than the inner planets and are thereby less affected by the TLS effect, though their bias may vary more from visit to visit as these active regions evolve with time. More generally, our results imply an impact parameter “sweet spot” for atmospheric characterization, independent of the sign of the active-region temperature contrast, whose location depends on the distribution of active regions. The distribution may be revealed by transit residuals as multiple planets probe different latitudes, while longitudes are sampled in time, such that the variance and frequency of the correlated scatter could constrain active-region filling factors, sizes, and separations.