Abstract
This study investigated the characteristics of modified corn cob biochar (BTJT) and its effects on the physical properties of Ultisol soil co-inoculated with BTJT. The material was produced through a synergistic process involving pyrolysis, activation, and immobilization, which combined biochar, nutrients, and biological agents. The research consisted of two experiments: the first analysed the morphological characteristics and specific surface area (SSA) of BTJT pores with three inoculation durations (7, 14, and 21 days), and the second examined soil bulk density, porosity, and water retention after BTJT co-inoculation. A completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments, three replicates, and three observation periods was applied. The analytical methods included SEM-EDX and BET, with soil parameters comprising bulk density, water content (% volume and % weight), porosity, and water retention. Statistical analyses were conducted using ANOVA-Tukey tests, regression, and correlation analyses with a 5% error margin. The results indicated that BTJT application at 2 t.ha-1 significantly decreased bulk density while increasing soil water content, porosity, and water retention. Overall, the study concludes that the synergistic modification of corn cob biochar effectively enhances soil physical properties, recommending the application of BTJT (biotron) at 2 t.ha-1 for optimal improvement of Ultisol soil quality.