Abstract
The growing environmental concerns associated with conventional petroleum-based plastics, coupled with rising oil prices and waste-disposal challenges, have accelerated interest in biodegradable polymers. These materials, derived from either renewable natural resources or non-renewable petroleum feedstocks, offer a sustainable alternative to traditional plastics. Biodegradation occurs through enzymatic and chemical actions of living organisms, involving polymer fragmentation followed by microbial assimilation and mineralization. The biodegradability of polymers depends on their chemical structure, molecular architecture, and environmental conditions. Among biodegradable polymers, aliphatic polyesters—particularly polylactide (PLA)—have attracted significant attention due to their hydrolysable ester bonds and favorable mechanical properties. PLA, synthesized from lactic acid via polycondensation or ring-opening polymerization, exists in different optical forms that influence its physical behavior and applications. Biodegradable polymers can be processed using conventional plastic processing techniques and are increasingly utilized across diverse sectors, including medicine, packaging, agriculture, automotive, electronics, and construction. Their applications range from biomedical implants and controlled drug delivery systems to packaging films, agricultural mulch films, lightweight automotive components, electronic casings, and construction materials. Overall, biodegradable polymers represent a promising class of materials that address environmental sustainability while meeting functional and industrial performance requirements.