Abstract
The therapeutic potential of the banana stem (Musa species) has attracted more attention in cancer research and natural product studies. Once seen as an agricultural byproduct, the banana pseudostem is now viewed as a valuable source of bioactive compounds that may help fight cancer. This review looks at the chemical makeup, molecular processes, and anticancer effects of banana stem extracts. It also discusses the current challenges in applying these findings in clinical settings. Phytochemical studies of Musa acuminata and Musa paradisiaca show a variety of active components, such as lectins, palmitic acid, phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids. These compounds have strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which are important for preventing cancer progression. Modern analysis techniques have confirmed their presence and stability, supporting their medical importance. At the molecular level, bioactive compounds found in banana stems demonstrate anticancer properties mainly by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting angiogenesis. The activation of caspase-3 and its interaction with tumor suppressor proteins like p53 trigger programmed cell death in cancerous cells. Furthermore, the reduction of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) hinders the blood supply to tumors, while the antioxidant properties alleviate oxidative stress and inflammation through mechanisms such as NF-B pathways. Preclinical investigations reveal significant anticancer and antiproliferative actions against different types of cancer, including those of the oral cavity, breast, colon, and ovaries. Research conducted in both in vitro and in vivo settings indicates diminished tumor growth, enhanced apoptosis, and minimal adverse effects on normal tissues. Innovative approaches, such as the use of nanoparticle-based delivery systems, further augment the therapeutic efficacy of banana stem extracts. However, despite these encouraging findings, the current evidence is mainly at the preclinical stage, underscoring the necessity for further research.