Abstract
Population aging has been accompanied by an increase in cognitive impairment and dementia, affecting autonomy, quality of life, and health systems. Although biological factors contribute to cognitive decline, many cases are associated with modifiable factors and social conditions. This study aimed to analyze modifiable risk factors for cognitive decline in adults, emphasizing the Brazilian context and social determinants of health. This descriptive scoping review with a qualitative approach followed PRISMA-ScR recommendations and used the PCC strategy. Searches were conducted between March and April 2026 in PubMed, PubMed Central, ScienceDirect, and LILACS. Studies published in the previous five years, available in full text in Portuguese, English, or Spanish, and addressing modifiable risk factors associated with cognitive decline, cognitive impairment, or dementia in adults were included. Ten studies were selected. Cognitive decline showed a multifactorial nature, involving clinical, behavioral, psychosocial, and social factors. Low educational attainment, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, physical inactivity, depressive symptoms, and social isolation were among the main associated factors. Unfavorable socioeconomic conditions increased exposure to these factors and vulnerability to cognitive decline. Prevention should therefore address clinical and behavioral factors alongside social inequalities accumulated throughout life, reinforcing the need for integrated and equitable strategies to promote cognitive health.