Abstract
This paper investigates the intricate relationship between economic growth, energy use, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Nigeria, employing annual data from 1990 to 2023. The analysis utilizes an expanded Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) model alongside an interaction model to account for the moderating effect of environmental taxes on emissions. The study confirms an inverted U-shaped EKC pattern, indicating that economic growth initially worsens but later improves environmental outcomes. Energy consumption significantly contributes to emissions, while energy taxation shows both a direct and interaction-based mitigation effect. The results also highlight the environmental benefits of gross fixed capital formation. These findings underscore the need for integrated climate and economic policies to drive Nigeria’s sustainable development.