Abstract
Noise pollution has emerged as one of the most critical environmental challenges associated with rapid urbanization, industrialization, and increasing transportation activities. Environmental noise originates from a wide range of anthropogenic sources including road traffic, railway operations, aircraft movement, industrial machinery, construction activities, and domestic appliances. Prolonged exposure to excessive noise levels has been linked to numerous adverse health effects such as hearing impairment, sleep disturbance, cardiovascular diseases, psychological stress, reduced productivity, and communication interference. Monitoring and mapping of environmental noise play an essential role in assessing spatial distribution of noise levels and developing appropriate mitigation strategies. This review paper presents a comprehensive overview of environmental noise pollution including fundamental concepts of sound and noise, major sources of environmental noise, measurement and monitoring techniques, noise indices used for assessment, and health impacts associated with long‑term exposure. The paper also discusses noise standards and regulations adopted by various organizations as well as practical strategies for noise control and management. The review highlights the importance of integrating technological solutions, urban planning, policy enforcement, and public awareness in order to effectively mitigate environmental noise pollution and protect human health.