Association between Vitamin D Intake and Tooth Hypomineralization in Children: A Systematic Review

Background: Vitamin D plays an important role in tooth mineralization; however, evidence regarding its association with enamel hypomineralization, particularly molar–incisor hypomineralization (MIH), remains inconsistent. Objective: This systematic review aimed to evaluate the association between vitamin D exposure and enamel hypomineralization in children and to explore potential modifying factors contributing to conflicting findings. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed and Scopus was conducted for studies published between 2015 and 2025. Eligible studies included observational or interventional research involving children, assessment of vitamin D exposure (dietary intake, supplementation, or serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D), and outcomes related to enamel hypomineralization. Study selection followed PRISMA guidelines. Results: Six studies met the inclusion criteria. Findings were heterogeneous, with some studies reporting a protective association between higher vitamin D levels and reduced hypomineralization, while others found no significant relationship. Conclusion: Current evidence does not consistently support a direct association between vitamin D status and enamel hypomineralization in children. Tooth hypomineralization is likely multifactorial, and future longitudinal studies with standardized assessments are needed to better define the role of vitamin D within this complex process.