Calcium Signaling and Growth Factors in Oral Tissue Homeostasis and Regeneration: A Narrative Review

Background: Calcium ions (Ca²⁺) function not only as structural components of mineralized tissues but also as intracellular signaling molecules involved in proliferation, migration, differentiation, and tissue repair. Their relationship with growth-factor signaling in oral tissue regeneration remains insufficiently understood. Objective: This narrative review aimed to summarize evidence on calcium signaling and growth-factor pathways in oral tissue homeostasis and regeneration, with emphasis on their potential signaling convergence. Methods: Literature was identified through Scopus using keywords related to calcium signaling, calcium dynamics, growth factors, oral tissue regeneration, dental pulp, dentin, periodontal tissues, and oral wound healing. Original research articles were prioritized, while review articles were used for contextual background. Studies were qualitatively synthesized according to signaling mechanisms and regenerative outcomes. Results: Experimental studies indicate functional associations between calcium signaling and growth-factor pathways in oral regeneration. Calcium silicate-based materials were associated with FGFR/ERK signaling and odontogenic differentiation, while calcium dynamics induced by tricalcium silicate-based cements were associated with TGF-β/BMP2 expression and mineralization. FGF-2 regulated dental pulp-cell proliferation, migration, and mineralizing differentiation. Calcium-regulated signaling was also implicated in oral wound healing through modulation of keratinocyte behavior and Wnt signaling. However, direct molecular evidence of calcium–growth factor crosstalk remains limited. Conclusion: Calcium signaling may function as an important regulatory component of oral tissue regeneration and may converge with growth-factor pathways to coordinate cellular responses. Further mechanistic studies are needed to establish causal interactions and their therapeutic potential in regenerative dentistry.