Abstract
Previous studies have examined factors related to student motivation and educational effectiveness, but limited research has investigated these relationships within an integrated framework in the Pesantren context, particularly by considering student motivation as a mediating mechanism. This study examines the relationships between pedagogical approach, technology and learning media, the Pesantren environment, kiai leadership, student motivation, and Pesantren educational effectiveness. A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted with 240 students selected through purposive sampling from selected Pesantren in Indonesia. Data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings show that pedagogical approach, the Pesantren environment, and kiai leadership are significantly and positively associated with student motivation, whereas technology and learning media are not significantly associated with student motivation. Student motivation is strongly and positively associated with Pesantren educational effectiveness. Significant indirect effects through student motivation were found for pedagogical approach, the Pesantren environment, and kiai leadership, whereas the indirect effect of technology and learning media was not significant. The study contributes by demonstrating the mediating role of student motivation in the relationships between key instructional, environmental, and leadership conditions and Pesantren educational effectiveness. The findings highlight the importance of strengthening pedagogical practices, supportive Pesantren environments, and effective kiai leadership, while technology integration should be aligned with pedagogical needs and contextual conditions.