Abstract
Smallholder aquaculture is increasingly recognised as a viable livelihood strategy for enhancing food security and income in rural coastal communities, particularly within low- and middle-income countries. This study investigates the socio-economic contribution of smallholder aquaculture in Pemba, Zanzibar, through a mixed-methods approach employing an explanatory sequential design. Quantitative data were collected from 352 households, comprising both aquaculture practitioners and non-participants. Comparative analyses reveal that households engaged in aquaculture reported significantly higher monthly incomes, greater dietary diversity, and improved food security scores. Fish cage systems yielded the highest income returns, while access to land, education level, and existing fishing income were found to be significant predictors of aquaculture adoption. Despite these benefits, several systemic challenges were identified, including inadequate access to capital, poor input quality, and limited technical support. These constraints continue to hinder broader uptake and long-term sustainability. The findings underscore the need for integrated policy frameworks that support microfinance access, enhance extension services, and strengthen input markets through public–private collaboration. Aligning smallholder aquaculture development with national food security and climate resilience strategies could accelerate its transformation from a supplementary activity into a central pillar of rural development. The study contributes to the growing body of evidence advocating for inclusive, locally adapted aquaculture systems within the context of the blue economy.