Abstract
The rapid evolution of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) has transformed economic and social systems worldwide, yet most theories of disruptive innovation remain tailored to developed economies. This paper develops a theoretical model for understanding disruptive ICT innovations in developing contexts, emphasizing the factors that influence their success and socio-economic impact. Drawing on the Theory of Disruptive Innovation, the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), the study integrates these perspectives to establish a holistic framework linking technological architecture, competitive dynamics, and regulatory environments. Findings reveal that successful ICT disruptions in developing economies depend on three core drivers: adaptable technological architecture, supportive regulatory frameworks, and high user acceptance shaped by cultural and social norms. Empirical illustrations from Kenya’s mobile banking revolution, particularly M-Pesa and M-Shwari, demonstrate that context-specific innovations can enhance financial inclusion, stimulate competition, and accelerate digital transformation. The study concludes that tailoring innovation frameworks to local realities enhances sustainability and scalability, offering a pathway for policymakers and practitioners to foster inclusive, ICT-driven economic growth.