Abstract
Plantation forests are cultivated forest ecosystems created by planting or seeding during the afforestation and reforestation processes, mostly for the production of wood biomass but also for the conservation of soil, water, and ecosystems, as well as wind protection. This paper aims to review The Role of agroforestry and plantation forest in forest conservation and climate change mitigation. Methods. This study employed a comprehensive review of published scientific literature, reports, and policy documents related to plantation forestry, agroforestry, biodiversity conservation, carbon sequestration, and forest landscape restoration. Scientific Novelty. This review integrates evidence on both agroforestry and plantation forests as complementary approaches to forest conservation and climate change mitigation. Results. the review demonstrated that agroforestry and plantation forests play significant roles in conserving forest resources and mitigating climate change. Agroforestry systems enhance tree cover on agricultural lands, increase biodiversity, improve soil fertility, reduce land degradation, and sequester substantial amounts of carbon. Plantation forests contribute to afforestation and reforestation efforts, provide timber and non-timber forest products, reduce harvesting pressure on natural forests, and increase carbon storage. Both systems support ecosystem services such as soil and water conservation, habitat provision, and climate regulation. The findings indicate that integrating agroforestry practices with sustainable plantation forest management can strengthen forest conservation, improve ecosystem resilience, and contribute significantly to national and global climate change mitigation goals.