Abstract
Abstract
Background
Patients with heart failure (HF) experience high mortality, yet survival estimates remain challenging. Available prognostic tools commonly predict survival beyond 1-year, limiting goals of care discussions and enrollment on palliative care programs. The objective of this project was to develop a novel prognostic score to better predict 6-month mortality.
Methods
Patients with HF admitted to the St. Boniface Hospital (Winnipeg, Canada) between January 1, 2019 and January 1, 2024 were identified. Patient characteristics, imaging parameters, laboratory values, and functional assessments (Palliative Performance Scale; PPSv2) were collected. Patients were randomly divided into development (80%) and validation (20%) cohorts. Penalized LASSO regression was used to select variables most predictive of 6-month mortality in the development cohort. Retained variables were incorporated into a multivariable logistic regression model to derive the CARDIO-PAL score, the performance of which was assessed in the holdout validation cohort.
Results
Characteristics were similar between the development (n = 2036) and validation (n = 508) cohorts, with 6-month mortality rates of 29% and 31%, respectively. 8 candidate variables were retained: age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.01), PPSv2 (aOR 2.08), systolic blood pressure (aOR 1.14), discontinued use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker (aOR 2.58), beta-blocker (aOR 1.59), and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (aOR 2.67), right ventricular systolic pressure (aOR 2.06), and urea (aOR 2.13). The CARDIO- PAL score demonstrated good discrimination, with an area under the curve of 0.80 (95% confidence interval 0.75 – 0.84) and good calibration (slope 0.84, intercept -0.04). 6-month mortality across low, intermediate, and high-risk groups was 2%, 15%, and 54%, respectively.
Conclusion
The CARDIO-PAL score is a novel tool to predict 6-month mortality in HF inpatients. A collaborative approach integrating CARDIO-PAL with other prognostic scores and serial clinical assessments has the potential to promote patient-centered care and improve referral to palliative care programs.