Abstract
Abstract
Background
Stimulant and non-stimulant medications increase fronto-striato-thalamic activation in youth with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). However, comparative effects of the more recently licensed stimulant lisdexamfetamine and non-stimulant guanfacine on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) correlates in ADHD are unknown.
Methods
This exploratory randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study compared fMRI activation in youth with ADHD during a tracking stop-signal task (SST; N = 12), a working memory task (N-back; N = 11) and a sustained attention task (SAT; N = 10), after single clinical doses of either guanfacine extended-release, lisdexamfetamine, or placebo, with one-week washouts. Twenty-one demographically matched typically developing controls (TD) were assessed once to test for potential normalisation of case-control activation differences.
Results
Region of interest analysis showed increased right caudate and putamen activation for lisdexamfetamine versus placebo during N-back and SAT, respectively. Both drugs shared an increase in left superior temporal activation versus placebo during N-back. In whole-brain analyses only lisdexamfetamine increased precuneus/posterior cingulate activation during SST versus guanfacine, and during N-back in pre- and postcentral and occipital cortices versus placebo. During SST, placebo-treated ADHD versus TD showed reduced putamen, insula, parietal and occipital activation that was potentially attenuated/normalised under lisdexamfetamine, while under guanfacine lingual gyrus underactivation remained, with additional precuneus and middle temporal underactivation. Also, only lisdexamfetamine improved and normalised SST performance.
Conclusion
Lisdexamfetamine appears to have stronger and drug-exclusive upregulation and potential attenuation/normalisation effects than guanfacine on basal ganglia, posterior parieto-occipital and sensorimotor activation during ADHD-relevant executive function tasks with some shared superior temporal and putamen effects.
Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov
(
NCT03333668
;
https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03333668
).